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For English - THE WESTERN FRONT HEADQUARTERTS MUSEUM
THE WESTERN FRONT HEADQUARTERTS MUSEUM
HISTORY:
Aksehir Western Front Headquarters Museum was built on the place of Yemeniciler Bazaar, between the years 1904-1905 by the Mayor Mr. Bostan, as the Municipality Services Building. The building which was constructed as wooden lath on a stone base, has a cellar + double storeys and a jerking head. Its entrance from the southerns part with a double winged iron door. In the ground storey, there is a saloon with a patterned square floor tiles. There are workrooms, a conference room for forty people, a photograph room and a depot, which get opened to this saloon. From the ground storey saloon, one can get to the first storey saloon to which eight exhibit halls get opened, using a wooden spiral staircase. The building was used as the municipality services building until 1965. After the repairments made, it was opened for the visitors on the 5th July 1966 as the “Ataturk and Etnography Museum”. With the repairment made in 1981, a modification was carried out with the written documents, photographs and some etnographic works belonging to Ataturk and his fellow soldiers who had worked there; and the building was opened again for the visitors on the 59th year of the Grand Offensive, on the 24th August 1981, with the name “Western Front Headquarters Museum”. Yet; it got repaired and restored between the years 1981- 2001, the exhibit room on the ground storey was divided into three as the Manager’s Room, Photograph Room and Exhibition Room, and took its current modern shape.
WESTERN FRONT HEADQUARTERS
The enemy had been seriously defeated and receded to the regions it the eastern part of Afyon Eskisehir, and was occupied with the defence and intrenchment issues. Consequently; it strengthen the Afyon Kutahya line well. A British staff officer who saw this intrenchment was telling that; “ If the Turks can break these lines in 4-5 months, they can claim that they did this in just one day.” Upon this, the Western Front Headquarters which had been in Alagoz Village previously, was firstly moved to Sivrihisar, Azize, Cay, and to Aksehir on 18th November 1921, by train. The Command Headquarters settled down to Aksehir Municipality, the general staff second headship to a hostel, the agencies to houses, and the headquarter soldiers to the hostels. The artillerymen were staying in Karabulut and Ortakoy, and the chevaliers were staying in Tuzlukcu and Erdoğdu, Azari, Cakillar and Yaylabelen villages. All the cabmen, copper-worker and iron-worker’s shops was turned into weapon-workshops. Bayonets were made and the rifles were repaired in these shops. Just the camouflage-lookout troops were left at the fronts. The majority of the army were at the back, resting and trying to complete their trainings and shortages. Through agreements with the following countries, their supports were taken: On the 20th October 1921 in Ankara with France; on the 21st October 1921 with Armenia, Georgia, and the Soviet Republics; on the 2nd January 1922 in Ankara with the Ukraine Soviet Republic. Meanwhile; the western front command headquarters was taking precautions against a possible Greek attack, and also making plans for a counter-attack. The western front commandant Mirliva Ismet gave information to the Head-Commandant who came to Aksehir on the 10th December 1921 to check the preparations of the western front headquarters. The shortages of the army were announced. At the end of the meeting, it was determined that the availables were half of the army’s requirements, and that it was impossible to make an attack under these circumstances; thus, it was necessary to continue the preparations. The army was carrying its ammunition on its back, and the materials on ox-carts; thus, trying to complete its strengthment. It was trying to complete its trainings and opening training camps in order to satisfy the need for army officers. Winter passed as this. The Head-Commandant came to Aksehir again with the idea of a spring attack. At the meeting made on the 14th March 1922 with the Western Front Commandant Mirliva Ismet, they decided that the army was not ready for an attack. On the 22nd March 1922, when the Head-Commandant was in Aksehir, the Allies offered to make a truce. For the repy to this offer, the Head-Commandant gave directives to the government from Aksehir via telgraph on the 24th March 1922. Their discourse with the Allies went on till the Grand Offense. On the 30th March 1922, in Cay, the Russian Council, The Republic Delegate Aralov and the Armenian Council and the Rebuplic Delegate Abilof were also present at the grand official ceremony made by the cavalier army corps before the Head-Commandant on the 1st April, in Ilgin. The shows of strength and the army entertainments were pretty much appreciated. It is observed that, the support of the Russian increased more after these. By the end of June, the Western Front Headquarters had completed its preparations, and concluded its plans. The number of rifles which had been 47000 in the Sakarya War were increased to 98956, 379 sub machine guns to 2025, 450 heavy machine guns to 939, 166 cannons to 323, 25000 cannon balls to 70000, and the human power was increased to 7849 staff officers and 196336 private soldiers. Nevertheless; the state of the Greek could not be reached regarding weapon and human forces. The Head-Commandant came to Aksehir in the evening of the 23rd July 1922 under the pretext of meeting General Towshend in Konya. He went to Konya on the 24th July 1922. He returned to Aksehir on the 27th July. Fevzi Pasha came to Aksehir, too, on the 25th July. At the meeting made in the evening of 27/28 July, it was determined that “ the preparations were to be completed by the 15th of August”. On the 28th July in the afternoon, commandants of the army and some army corps were invited to Aksehir under the pretext of a football match. At the night of 28/29 July, a general meeting was made with the commandants regarding the attack. On the 30th July, Chief of the General Staff, Western Front Commandant and the Head-Commandant determined together about the details of the attact; and in the afternoon of the 1st August, with the Minister of National Defence, Kazım Pasha, the supplying duties of the ministry within the attack were determined. Upon commanding for the preparations to be completed and for a preparation for an attack, the Head-Commandant returned back to Ankara. On the 6th August, the Western Front Commandant secretly ordered its armies to get prapared for an attack. As from the 13th August, the army corps and the divisions moved to their own concentration areas, according to the attack plan. All these movements were being done at night. In order to hide from the enemy forces, the divisions were resting in woody areas and villages in the day-time, and walking at night. Sometimes they were making clouds of dust to confuse the enemy, and trying to hide the front of the attack. On the 13th August the Chief of the General Staff, and a few days later the Head-Commandant came to Konya secretly over the Tuz Lake; and on the 20th August, in the afternoon at 16:00, to Aksehir. After a brief meeting in the morning of the 29th August, he ordered his commandant of the front, for an attack. In the evening of the 20th/21st August, at the meeting where the Chief of the General Staff and the Commandant of the Western Front wre present; the Head-Commnadant gave information to the 1st- 2nd Army Corps Commandants regarding the plan for the attack and renewed his order. The commandants got into action. The Commandant, who had been reading the novel “Calıkusu (Wren)” for the last three days, woke up and got dressed earlier than anyone on that day of 24th August 1922. Ceremonies and preyers were made in mosques. Nasreddin Hoca’s Tomb was visited. Aksehir was having its most exciting day. The roofs of all the buildings and the streets were jammed with the people of Aksehir. By 16:00 o’clock, the Chief of the Generall Staff and the Commandants of the Western Front Headquarters had ridden their horses. They moved to the front through tears and prayers.
NASREDDIN HOCA ARCHEOLOGY AND ETNOGRAPHY MUSEUM
( RUSTU BEG MANSION)
Rustu Beg, who had the mansion constructed, was an investigating magistrate in Aksehir. There are two structures at the borough under his name. One of them is the Rustu Beg Hostel constructed in 1904, and the other is the Rustu Beg Mansion, whose construction had started at the beginnings of the 1st World War. Rustu Beg had the house which had belonged to his father Mustafa Aga, and which was located on the same parcel, destroyed. Armenian craftsmen started its construction and Turkish craftsmen completed it. The building was planned as a twin house with double storeys on a ground storey, with wooden carriers, mud-brick and stone materials. The sons of Rustu Beg lived in one part of it, and Rustu Beg himself in lived in the other part. Throughout the history, different ethnic groups lived together in Aksehir; thus, a mixed cultural structure could be seen. So we often come across with different items in the architectural structure of the borough, apart from the Traditional Turkish Houses. The traces of this mixed culture can be seen in the Rustu Beg Mansion, as well. Rustu Beg Mansion was registered with the decision of the Ministry of Culture High Commission, dated 15.11.1985, numbered 1569; it was socialized in 1989 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and its repairments started in 1992. Afterwards the Rustu Beg Mansion was organized as the “ Nasreddin Hoca Archeology and Etnography Museum” and preserved its originality up to now. The mansion had been constructed in the shape of a twin house, and built as two storeys on a cellar and storey. Along with the entrance part used as the administrative unit, there are 6 rooms in total. The rooms of the Manager, Expert, Officer and Guardsman, also the Etnography and Archeology Depot are in this storey. The second storey is where the archeological works are exhibited. There are 6 rooms in the building; 3 in one part, and 3 in the other. The rooms are exhibited based on the divisions made according to the chronological periods.
The etnographic works are exhibited in the third storey. In one part; there are three rooms where Nasreddin Hoca’s anecdote, the fellows of a ballad night, and the bride’s room belonging to Aksehir, are depicted. Meanwhile; etnographic works are exhibited in the other part. In the middle saloon, Seyyid Mahmut Hayrani’s Tomb Door and a chest belonging to Sheik Eyub Tomb are exhibited.
THE 1st ROOM THE NEOLITHIC AGE ( B.C. 8000 – B.C. 5500) AND THE CHALCOLITHIC AGE ( B.C 5500 – B.C. 3000)
The neolitic period is the period when the human beings got out of the rock- houses, and inns, and started to live on grassy plains, on fertile soil along the river sides and in hut-like places. They had the settled formation in this period. Whereas the people continued to hunt and collect wild plants; they also started to deal with agriculture. We run acroos with this A-Ceramic ( Without Ceramic) period in few locations in Anatolia. The most important centre of the Neolitic Settlement is Catalhoyuk. The works in the museum which belong to this age are: Catalhoyuk digging materials, Cutting and Scraping Tools, mirror and spearhead from the obsidian stone, hand axes, Mother Goddess sculptures, mace heads, grinding stones, human and animal figures and crockery. The Chalcolithic ( Metal-Stone) Period is the one in which copper was used ad well as the materials such as bones and cooked soil. Thus; the age took its name as the Chalcolithic Age, which means stone and metal. It is seen that in this age the crockery were made by hand and geometric figures were drawn on ceramics with a thick primer. The works in the museum belonging to this age are: Painted crockery, open mouthed containers, bone-tools, grinding stones and necklaces.
THE 2nd ROOM THE BRONZE AGE ( B.C. 3000 – B.C. 1200) AND THE IRON AGE ( B.C. 1200 – B.C. 330)
The bronze age is the age when tin and copper was mixed to get the genuine bronze alloy. It is divided into three periods as the first, middle and the last. The most important invention of the First Bronze Age is the wheeled cab. The most important invention of the Middle Boronze Age is the potter’s wheel. Writing is started to be used in the Middle Bronze Age, and the historical age starts. The works in the museum belonging to this age are: disk crusher, idols, stamps, hook-mouthed cruses, brush holds and holy drink containers. The Iron Age started in the Frontal Asia and the Aegean Worls with the Aegean migrations made in about B.C. 1200 and the developments following these. The important changes brought by the iron technology afe of issue in this age. Small countries emerged in this area following the break down of the Hittites. Late Hittite Kingdoms, Urartus, Phrygia and Lydia. The works in the museum belonging to thşs age are: Fibulas, bracelets, arrow and spear heads, needles, ax head and a belt part belonging to the Urartu Period.
THE 3rd ROOM COIN ROOM:
Coin: A small circular metal which minted itself and brought to currency. Its weight is fixedi and it has the symbol or mark of the authoritative management or the governmnent which means that they could be taken back when wanted. Coins belonging to the following ages are found in the museum in order: The Archaic Age, the Classical Age, the Hellenistic Age, the Roman Age, the Byzantian Age, the Ottoman Age, the Karamanogulları Period and the Seljuk Peirod
THE 4th ROOM THE CLASSICAL AGE ( B.C. 475-330) AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE ( B.C. 330 – 30)
The classical age of the Greek history is fairly active. The Greek civilazition, which was not shaken despite the wars continuing over many years such as the Persian Wars and the Pelopennesos Wars, and the hard circumstances brought by these; reached its peak in the Classical Age. In the Classical Age the sculptures got flexibility and got a natural view, the Doric temples were made in classical size. The works in the museum belonging to this age are: Kylics, Leyktos scent containers and plates. The Hellenistic Age: That is the age that started after the Macedonian King Alexander the Great destroyed the Persion domination and whose fronts reaches India and Egypt. Cities such as Pergamon, Priene, and Miletos became the brightest arts and culture centres of the period. The works in the museum belonging to this age are: Cruses, Unguanteriums, earring and ring stones.
THE 5th ROOM THE ROMAN AGE ( B.C 30 – A.C. 395)
As the last Pergamon King the 3rd Atttalosun left his soils and treasure to the Roman public, the western Anatolia went into the domination of the Romans. In Anatolia , which went into the Roman domination through testament; arts had sticked to Hellenistic traditions at first, yet in time it became a part of the Roman Empire. A traditional culture continued to live in Anatlolia. The works in the museum belonging to this age are: Fibulas, ornaments, bone-tools, ring stones, necklaces, bracelets, bowls, oil-lamps, scent containers, and glass tear containers.
Among the works, there are the stels of Eros and Adak and Aphrodite, busts, satyr and a woman goddess sculpture part. Cooked soil figurines and metal statuettes are also being exhibited.
THE 6th ROOM THE BYZANTIAN ROOM ( A.C 330 – A.C 1453)
When the Roman Empire divided into two, the old Byzantion city along the Bosphorus became the capital of the Eastern Rome Empire in A.C. 330. Its name was changed into Constantinopolis referring to the name of the emperor. The Byzantian art found its shape through the mixture of the Roman art culture whose regional properties which developed in Anatolia were predominating, with the new elements brought by the Christian world.. In this age, important developments were seen in the productions of pictures symbolizing religious issues( fresco), wall mosaics, miniature and gilded hand writings, jewellery made of ivory, gold and pearl, stamps, and bronze works. The works in the museum belonging to this age are: arrow, ring relics and cross, necklaces, plates, fumigation container, container for kohl, P.T. water bottle, clover mouthed cruses, oil-lamps and oil-lamp weights.
THE 7th ROOM ETNOGRAPHIC WORKS
Items such as copper kitchen crockery, coffee tools, keys and paternosters which have important roles in the Turkish Culture, are exhibited.
THE 8th ROOM ETNOGRAPHIC WORKS
The things used by women in daily life, such as the handcrafts, ornaments, caps, fez side-ornament, necklaces, bracelets and knittings are exhibited.
THE 9th ROOM THE WEAPONRY ROOM
Un-powered guns such as halberds, arrow-arch, knives, swords and armours are exhibited in this room.
THE 10th ROOM NASREDDIN HOCA’S ROOM ( ANECDOTE ROOM)
The famous intellectual, public wise and the scientist of his period Nasreddin Hoca, lived in Aksehir in the 13rd century. He enlightened people over centuries with his philosophy, thoughts and his style of expressing these; and he attained the appreciation of the whole world as well as the Turkish folk. The year 1996 was announced as the Year of Nasreddin Hoca by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO). Nasreddin Hoca’s anecdote of “fine feathers make fun birds” is depicted in this room.
THE 11th ROOM BALLAD FELLOWS ROOM
The “Fellow” chats and entertainment tradition which is a Middle Asian Turkish sourced folcloric tradition of ours, has been kept alive in Aksehir, as in many other regions of Anatolia. The young people with crafts and every kinds of merits, who are allied to each other with a feeling of a fellowship, are called as “ballad nights fellows” as in some evenings of the week they gather together in a house and enjoy themselves. With the models wearing ballad nights fellows’ clothes, a depiction of a cup-game is exhibited in this room.
THE 12th ROOM THE BRIDE’S ROOM
An example of bride’s room found in Traditional Anatolian Turkish Houses, is reflected and aimed to be kept alive in this room. A mirrored bed, chest, sawing machine are found in the room along with a bride rocking her baby in a crid.
THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF AKSEHIR
Aksehir is located on the western part of the Central Anatolia, just in front of a narrow clough on the sloping area of the northeastern foothill of the Sultan Mountains whose highest point is of 2610 meters. It faces the grassy plain and the lake to which it gave its name from 60-70 meters up. These are 8 kms away from it. Its altitude is 1020 meters. According to the census of 2000, it has 114.000 residants (including the villages). It settled along an alluvionon on a sloping area, as usual in the Anatolian tradition. It gave its back towards the mountain to the forest. When we look into the history of Aksehir, we see that .mportant centres had been placed there along the history. The reason is that; it is located on many trade routes. Yet; this also brought many disadvantages. Aksehir got destroyed and pillaged in every incursion and invasion. It is understood from the surface investigations made in the region that; the settlement down on Aksehir firstly started at the neolithic age. The Calcholithic Age, the Old Age, the Bronze Age, and the Hittite, Phryge, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantian, Seljuk and the Ottoman periods can be stated as the periods following this. One of the Hittite Kings 2nd Mursili’s occupation in the Western Anatolia led till Nef ( = Nif = Kemal Pasha) which is near Izmir. Powerful military garrisons were established in this region in his period. The region went into the political domination of the Hittite in this period. The large jars and hook-mputhed cruses obtained from the tumuluses around Aksehir prove a Hittite settlement which leads till te B.C. XVI. Century. The Phryigian took the place of the Hittite which had lost its power as a result of the migrations of the sea hordes coming from the west ( Aegean). One can see the traces of the Phyrigian by making investigations in this region. The lion scupltures with the Goddess Kybele, which are exhibited in the garden of the Aksehir Archeology Museum today, prove this indeed. The tradition of making lion sculptures comes from the Hittite period. Strabon calls the region where the city is located, as “ Phrygia Paroreia”. A kind of mountain series leading towards the west can be found in the region, and a wide grassy plain is present on both sides of its foothills. The cities near this plain are: Philomelion ( Aksehir) towards the north, and Antiokheia ( Yalvac) near Psidia towards the other. He says Philomelion is totally a grassy plain. As a result of the location of today’s Aksehir, it is seen as a foothill as it is located on the erosion layer camoig from the Sultan Mountains. Like the Phryigian, the Lydian had also entered the Small Asia from the Dardanelles, and politically dominated this region till Kizilirmak. They also got Philomelion in this invasion, and pillaged it. When the Lydian king Kraisos had got defeated by the Persian Ruler Daryus; the Lydian and Phrygian soils went into the Persian domination. Thus; Aksehir went into the political domination of the Persian in B.C 547/546.Though in the Hellenistic Age the Galat folk settled down on the region and the region was called as Galatia, the name Phrygia continued to be used with a historical habit. The spring having the name of the Phrygian Kingg Midas ( Midas Spring) is in today’s Ulupinar Village. The Melles Village, which became the City Bishop after that period, is carrying the name of Melas today, which was the name of the Princess’ husband. The Roman and Byzabtian invasions follow the Persian and Hellenistig Age domination of Aksehir. It becomes allied to Iconion ( Konya) within the administrative organization. Along with the Byzantian city Konya, Aksehir had also encountered the invasions and pillinges of the Islamic armies. As they are near the Islamic Countries, every invasion and assault act coming from the south is performed on Konya and Aksehir in the first place. Being the edge city of the Byzantium, Aksehir continuously changes hands among the parties during the wars of Byzantium with Emevis the first and with Abbasis afterwards. In 1071, the Ruler of the Grand Seljuk Empire, Alparslan won the war he had made against the Byzantian Emperor Romen Diyojen, and a Turkization act started in Anatolia. After this event, things started to change in Anatolia and so i Aksehir. The founder of the Anatolian Seljuk Country Kutalmisoglu Suleyman took Aksehir in 1076-1077; thus, Aksehir went into the domination of the Oghuz Turks. In the period of Suleyman Sah, the Turkish culture found its sources in Konya in Aksehir and the neighbourhood. This culture widened afterwards and thus brought Konya as the centre of the Turkish culture. Suleyman Sah died in 1086, and the 1st Kilicarslan came to rule the Anatolian Seljuk Country. As a result of the wars made against the Crusaders, the 1st Kilicarslan lost Iznik, in 1907, and assigned Konya as the capital city again, within the same year. As the assaults of the Crusaders coming from the Straits were performed on Aksehir before Konya, Aksehir was being destroyed and pillinged in the first place. After te breakdown of the Seljuks, first the Esrefogullari ruled Aksehir, and then Hamitoğulları for a hundred years. The city was sold to Murat Hudavendigar in 1381. When Yıldirim Bayezid got defeated by Timur in 1402, he got prisoned in the mortal remains section of the Ferrusah Mosque and he committed suicide there. Aksehir went into the hands of Karamanogullari for a little while during the interregnum period., and was conquered by Mehmed the Conqueror in 1467; and an Ottoman domination to last till the Turkish Republic started. During the Ottoman Empire Periods, the invasions and pillage Aksehir had encountered over centuries came to en end. The city became advantageous for its being the intersection of the trade routes, firstly in this period. Yavuz Sultan Selim made an expedition on the Ruler of Safevi Sah İsmail, and stayed in Aksehir for eight years. That the 4th Murad visited Aksehir on his expedition of Baghdad can be understood from the digging on famous traveller Evliya Celebi’s coloumn bracelet, which is located on the last congregational area of the Imaret Mosque, and which is the only Ottoman work. During the regression period of the Ottomans, the Egyptian Army within the leadership of Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasha had proceeded till Konya over Aksehir, and some of the army passed the winter in Aksehir. These events show that; located on various trade routes, Aksehir was an important trade centre during the Ottoman Period, The Western Front Headquarters moved to Aksehir on the 21st November 1921. During the nine months- ten days period that would last till the 24th August 1922, the preparations for the attack were managed from Aksehir, and the plans were also made there. The weapons and the ammunitions were produced in the workshops. The Commandant of the Western Front, Ismet ( Inonu) Pasha continuously stayed in Aksehir and administered the preparations. Mustafa Kemal ( Ataturk) Pasha went to Aksehir in various dates to check the progress of the preperations. Finally; on the 24th August 1922, ,n the morning, the Western Front Headquarters left Aksehir to go to the front. Thus; Aksehir had its role within the history, starting from the Neolithic Age until the recovery of Anatolia from the enemy invasion. The most important function of it had been the role it took on the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. When the cultures that had lived in Aksehir is considered, a rich cultural mosaic can be seen. However; the extant ones are the Seljuk works and only the Imaret Mosque belonging to the Ottoman Period. Yet; within this mosaic, the place of the civil architectural works and handcrafts coming from the last Ottoman and first Republic periods and reflecting the authentic Turkish culture cannot be ignored. Aksehir Houses which are considered along with Turkey now and many of which are officially registered, are termed with the same name. The public in the city also name the distrcit above as “Aksehir Houses”
HISTORICAL STRUCTURES
THE ULU MOSQUE
It is located in Abi Celal District, at the corner where the Ulu Mosque and the Kalayci Street intersects. Along with the bricks and the rubble stones , some spolia are also used in the construction of the building. The mosque consists of a harim extending from south to north, the last congregational area extending along its north wall and a lopsided courtyard in front of that. The ornaments of the structure gather at the harim altar decorated with glazed tiles, the outer altar at the last congregational area and at the octagonal sectioned base of the altar. The only epigraph of the structure is on the minaret. With regard to this epigraph, it is considered that the structure was built in 1213 or a few years earlier.
GUDUK MINARE MOSQUE
It is in Seljuk District, on Guduk Minare Street. Spolia, bricks and rubble stones are used in the construction of the mosque. It is square planned, and a dome covers it. The ornaments of the structure gather on the window pediments and on the base part of the minaret. With regard to the epigraph of the structure it is considered that the mosque was built in 1227.
THE IPLIKCI MOSQUE
It is located on Kuscu Street, in the bazaar. The mosque is planned as rectangular lengthwise. It has had many repairments. The southern and western walls of the mosque and some part of its eastern wall is plastered. The other parts without plaster are constructed by using bricks in three lines and regular face stones in one line, in turns. The walls of the mosque are lengthened and covered by a jerkin head. It is seen that; all the ornaments of the structure gather on the southern flank which is covered by three domes. With regard to the epigraph which is above the entrance on the western wall of the mosque, it is considered that the mosque was completed in 1337.
THE HASAN PASHA- IMARET MOSQUE
It is located in Kileci District, at the corner where the Imaret Street and the Hidirlik Street intersects. The structure consists of a square-planned harim covered by a single dome, three sectioned last congregational area and an altar on the northeast corner. The ornaments left from the first construction of the mosque gather at the outer parts of the figures on the minaret cap and minbar entrance; at the woodedn door wings covering the entrance and at the window wings. With regard to the epigraph located at the entrance of the mosque it is learnt that; the mosque was completed in 1510-11, by a vizier named Hassan.
SMALL HAGHIA SOPHIA MOSQUE
It is in Eski Kale District, on the Orta Hamam Street. The structure is square-planned with a dome. Its walls were legthened and a pyramidal roof covering the structre from outside was constructed. All the ornaments gather at the dome. The ornaments at the foot of the dome were made using the glazed tiles technique. With regard to the epigraph of the structure, it is understood that Semseddin Hassan Bin Omar had it constructed in 1236.
THE FERRUSAH MOSQUE
It is in Anit District, on Turbe Street; about 50 meters southwest of the Seyyit Mahmud Hayrani Tomb. The outer sides of the northern and eastern walls of the mosque are plastered with mud. In the south and west walls which are unplastered, spolia marble blocks and some bricks are used as the construction materials. The ornaments of the structure gather at the spandrels and pediments of the windows with sharp pointed belts and at the wooden door wings which are preserved at the Aksehir Museum today. With regard to the epigraph located on the west side of the structure, it is seen that the mosque was constructed in 1224.
THE KILECI MOSQUE
It is in Kileci District, on Bayram Street. Whereas the structure had consisted of a three sectioned last congregational area located in the front of its north side and a square harim covered by a dome, it got seriously damaged in an earthquake whose date is unknown. The structure got its current shape with the repairments made later. Regarding the ornaments, though there are few things left from the past; the Wooden Door Wings take attention with their fine works. The mosque hasn’t got an epigraph. According to the common views of the investigators; it can be dated back to the 13th century or the14th century at the latest.
THE KIZILCA MOSQUE
It is in Kizilca Distict, on Ibre Street. The mosque is in rectangular shape close to a square with a single dome. Its roof was covered by a pyramidal roof later. It is understood that; the minaret at the southwest corner and the last congregational area next to the east side were attached to the structure later. The structure shows plain features regarding ornaments. The ones that take attention are located at the door wings. As the structure hasn’t got a construction epigraph, the exact construction date of it is unknown. Based on some sources; I.H. Konyalı claims it shall be dated as 1476-1477.
THE CINARALTI MOSQUE
The structure is in Anit District. It takes its name from the great plane-tree in front of it. It has four windows at the direction of Mecca, two on its right and two on his left, one on its north. The old and historical mosque took its current shape as it got ruined. It is stated at some documents belonging to foundations that; the old structure dates back to 1855.
THE HACI HAMZA MOSQUE
It is in Yildirim District, on Haci Hamza Street. The structure is square-planned with a single dome. A pyramidal roof was built on it later. It is also understood that; the last congregational area located next to the east side of the structure and the minaret located at the east point of the north side were atteched to the structure later on. The ornaments of the structure consist of writing samples about religion in medallions and some plant samples akin to the cypess tree, which were painted on Harim walls later on. The structure hasn’t got a construction epigraph. Based on some documents, it is considered that; it was constructed in 1476-77.
THE KALAYCI MOSQUE
It is in Kuscu Street, on Kalayci Street. The mosque is square-planned with a single dome. The upper part of the dome is covered with plaster from outside. Spoila is used in some parts of the sructure. Ornaments are not given much place.
THE HIDIRLIK MOSQUE
It is in the southwest of Aksehir, at the Hidirlik Park located on the foot of the Sultan Mountains. The structure is square-planned with a single dome. Rubble stones are used at the walls, and bricks are used at the domes and dome passages. The inside of the structure is plastered. There is a small rectangular niche at the east wall, and there are two at the north wall. The kavsara of the rectangular mihrab located in the middle of the south wall is decorated with plain fillings in the shape of muqarnas. A marble plate decorated with adjoining geometrical shapes belonging to the Byzantium Period, are present at the each of the two sides of mihrab’ niches. The strucure hasn’t got a construction epigraph. Yet; due to its resemblence to some other structures, it is claimed in some documents that; it was constructed in the 13th. century or in the 14th century at the latest.
THE TOMBS
NASREDDIN HOCA’S TOMB
It is in Imaret Distrcit, in Nasreddin Hoca Cemetery. The tomb took its current shape after many great changes. It has two sections. At the outer part, there is a polygonic, portico shaped structure placed on twelve supporters. The supporters are attached to each other with decorative belts. A pyramidal cone, covered by metal plates rises on the supporters. In the middle of this polygonic structure, there is a baldachin styled structure with a bottom placed on a circular column and a dome above. Despite the epigraph on Nasreddin Hoca’s gravestone, the exact construction date of the tomb is unknown. According to the historical documents, it can be dated back to the 14th century.
SEYYID MAHMUD HAYRANI’S TOMB
The Seyyid Mahmud Hayrani Tomb is in “ Sydi District” in the west of Aksehir. The tomb is located at the foothill of the Sultan Mountain and in Aksehir Castle which has been ruined by now. The structure which is placed on a four cornered base, is made of two kinds of materials. Stones are used at the bottom part; and bricks are used at the belts, inner circular and outer conical domes, and the ceiling part. The parts with bricks are ornamented with colourful glazed tiles. Above the square-planned bottom part, there is the upper part with a cut body and a conic tap. It is placed on ten hexagonal structures. At the east side, there is an open space at the entrance with a plain strap. There is an epigraph on repairments above the entrance. On each side of the ten hexagonal structures, in rectangular holes, there are sharp belted superficial niches. Inside of the niches are decorated with enameled bricks and glazed plates. From this section which ends with triangular pedimants, via triangular surfaces, one passes to the other section which consists of sixteen slices with semi-circular cuts. Among the slices, there are mouldings made of specially cut, semi-circular and triangular shaped bricks placed one over the other. The construction year of the tomb is considered to be 667 A.D ( 1268 G.C.), which is the death date of Seyyid Mahmud.
YAGLI DEDE – SEYH EYUP’S TOMB
It is in Kizilca District, in the middle of a small garden on Mektep Street. The structure is square-planned with a pyramidal outer cap covered with glazed tiles. Along with the rubble stones, many spolia had also been used in the construction of the structure. Apart from regular face stones, templon plates and architrave, and a small part from a human sculpture take place within these spolia. The entrance is on the north side. There is an embrasure window in the middle of each of the three other sides. The upper part of the entrance located in the middle of the north side, is covered with wooden plank. Inside the structure, there is a baldachin structure constructed with bricks only. At each corner, there is an “”L” –shaped foor. From these feet which are attached to each other with belts, one can pass to the dome via pendants. The wooden sarcopgahus of the tomb is preserved at Aksehir Museum. It belongs to the Karamanogullari Period. It is the tomb of Seth Eyyub, who died in 729 A.D. / 1328 G.C.
SEYDI YUNUS’ TOMB
The tomb is in Meydan District, in Aksehir. The top of the tomb had been covered in the past. After purchasing from the estates in mortmain, Yaltirik had its top opened. The greves of four holy men are in the tomb. The sarcopgahuses of the three of them are made of stones and bricks, and they are plastered. The sarcopgahus –shaped gravestone is made in Seljuk style and it has no writings on it. On the epigraph located above the entrance door of the tomb, it is written that; the man in the grave died in 1417. Yet, one cannot find any statements about its construction date.
NIMETULLAH’S TOMB
The tomb is in Koyceğiz District, in Aksehir. There are four different-sized epigraphs located on Nimetullah’s sarcophagus. According to the epigraphs, it was repeired two times; one in 1581, and the other in 1889. The structure is known to be having an open top now.
MUSTAFA TURABI’S TOMB
The tomb is in Altinkalem District, on Eski Afyon Street. The cubic body is built by rubble stones and the dome is placed on an octagonal hoop. The only ornaments of the structure are the two lines with plant samples made in mould press technique. The structure hasn’t got an epigraph. We can date it back to the late 16th century, based on the features found in the ornaments of the works belonging to the 4th and 16th centuries in the Ottoman Periods.
SEYH HACI IBRAHIM VELI’S TOMB
It is on 3 kilometres north of Aksehir, in a famous village, inside a courtyard which is surrounded by a wall built by rubble stones. The outer walls are covered with shapely marle blocks. The structure is square-planned and covered by a dome with a conic-like upper part. There are two sarcophaguses inside of it, which are made of wooden material. The outer walls show the general features of the stone work. The ornaments of engraving art found inside, are not original. The ornamants made of marble material take an important place in the structure. These ornaments intensify on the circlet door and on the south side. The ornaments inside the structure made on plaster are of less account. With regard to the epigraph located on the upper part of the entrance kavsara; the structure was completed in 771 Dhu´l-Hijja / on the 26th June 1370 G.C.
THE HAMAMS
MEYDAN HAMAM
The hamam is on the north of the Western Front Headquarters Museum. It lies along the north-south direction. There is a men’s hamam on its west side, and a women’s hamam on its east side. The dressing areas whose tops are covered today with a jerkin head, are constructed next to the south side of the hamam. Its open part is rectangular-planned and lies along the east-west direction. Its tepidity room is square-planned and covered by a dome attached via triangular surfaced tromps. The hot room is four iwaned and with a corner seclusion room. Its construction epigraph is located above the door making the entrance part of men’s section. With regard to this epigraph; Subasi Emir Serafettin Ahmed had the hamam constructed and its construction was completed in 1329-1330 G.C.
ORTA HAMAM
It is the Urban Site Area, in Selcuklu District. The hamam was firstly trasferred to the Karamanogullari and then the Ottomans. The old hamam was destroyed in 1318 H.D. during the governorship of Aryohyali Ferit Pasha in Konya; and the current double hamams were made. It has women.’s and a men’s sections. It is rectangular-planned. In both sections; the dressind areas are covered by bricks, and the seclusion cold rooms are domed. The hamam is still used today. There are two epigraphs; one on the wall of the dressing area, and the other abpve the door. With regard to the epigraphs, it is understood that; the hamam was constructed by the foreman Aksehirli Migirdic in Dhu´l-Hijja 1318 March- 1901 April, during the ruling years of the 2nd Abdulhamit Han, when Ferit Pasha was the governer and Selim Beg was the caimacam in Konya; and its revenues were used to meet school costs.
YUKARI HAMAM
It is in Cimenli District, on Hamam Street. Small slates and rubble stones are used at the walls of the body; shapely face stones are used in the jambs of the doors and windows, on the passes to the top cover and at the walls of the seclusion room; and bricks in some belts. The structure has hot rooms each of which has a dressing area, tempedity area and a four- iwaned corner seclusion area. The structure is plain in ornaments. The only ones are the plant samples gather around the domes. The hamam hasn’t got a construction epigraph. It can be dated back to the late 19th century and the early 20th.
THE MADRASA
TAS MADRASA
It is in Altin Hamam District, on Eski Afyon Street. Though it had been built as a complex consisting of a madrasa, mosque, tomb, han, imaret and a fountain; today, only the madrasa, monsque and tomb are in good condition. Apart with the spolia, bricks and the rubble stones; shapely marble blocks are also used in its construction, especially on the lectern of the minaret and at the covering of the entrance side. The madrasa is rectangular-like-planned and lies along the east-west direction. However; due to the structures attached to the north-south point of it, it took an upside-down “T” shape later on. On the west point of the structure’s north wall, there is a mosque constructed adjacent to the madrasa. The structure had been used as Darussifa ( hospital) in the past. It is three-iwaned , and has an open courtyard. There are cells for the students at the sides of the areas making the gallery section of the structure. The structure has various ornamental materials. Glazed tiles, enameled bricks and spolia are frequently used. The construction epigraph which had been on the door hoop of the madrasa previously, was moved to the garden of the courtyard upon pulling thee door out. With regard to its epigraph, it is understood that; Sahip Ata had the structure constructed in 1250.
OFFICIAL BUILDINGS
WESTERN FRONT HEADQUARTERS
The building is near Sifa Hamam. The building possesses an area of 230 meters; and consists of a quarter cellar, a ground floor and a storey. The ground floor is made of stones, the upper storey is made of plasterboards, the roof is a jerkin head and covered with European style bricks. Its windows are rectangular-shaped, in conformity with the Turkish architectural features; the windows of the ground floor are winged, the upper storey is made in guillotine –style. When entered inside through its double layered ground door, it is seen that; the ground floor is divided into administrative sections. There is a wooden coloumn supporting the ceiling in the middle of the saloon whose base and ceiling are wooden. There are eight room-doors opening to the saloon. Bostan Beg had the building constructed in 1905, as the Municipality Building. Upon the beginning of the War of Independence in 1921, the Western Front Headquarters which had been in Alagoz previously, was transferred to Aksehir. The structure which had been used as the Municipality Building was assigned to the army to be used as the headquarters. Aksehir has an important role in the War of Independence in that; it is the place where the decision for the Attack which formed the turning point of the struggle for independence was given. The building had been used as the headquarters till the 24th November 1911. Upon the end of the war, the building continued to be used as the Municipality Building; and in 1966, the Municipality transferred it to the Ministry of National Education, to be used as a Museum. It found its current shape as a result of the repairments made in 1981. Today; the personal effects of the Great Leader Ataturk, and various works reflecting the period of the War of Independence are exhibited there.
CUMHURIYET PRIMARY SCHOOL
It is in Kuscu District, on Bayram Street. The structure is rectangular-shaped with a cellar, a ground floor and a storey. The walls of the school are made of stones, and they are quite thick. At the sides among the storeys, there are mouldings surrounding the structure; and the corner stones are bossaged. The windows in the ground floor are simple-belted, and the ones in the upper storey are sharp-belted. There are wooden akimbos on the walls. The building is climbed up through an eight-stepped stair. One enters inside through a wooden winged door designed as low belted. There is a panel above the door, on which “Cumhuriyet Primary School” is written; and there are ornaments of flowers in vases on the two sides of the panel. The building was made in 1927, when Izzet Beg was the Governor of Konya.
GAZI MUSTAFA KEMAL PRIMARY SCHOOL
It is in Cimenli District, on Degirmen Street. The structure is rectabgular-shaped with a cellar a ground floor and a storey. It is made of stone and bricks, and located in a big garden surrounded by walls. Its top is covered with a brick-roof, there are acroters at the four corners of the base. The windows of the ground floor are designed as sharbelted, and the ones in the upper storey are designed as low-belted. The courtyard, school and cellar entrance door of the structure is made of double-winged iron; and it is ornamented. On the southeast side of the same courtyard, there is a church constructed in the 19th century.
NASREDDIN HOCA AND ETNOGRAPHY MUSEUM
It is in Anit District, on Ulu Cami Street. It is known as the Rustu Beg Mansion. It is a sample of a civil architecture constructed as twins. The structure is symetrical both in planning and in its side organization. The structure consists of three storeys; a ground floor plus two storeys.Its construction materials are stones an woods. There are roads surrounding the front and back sides of it, and there is a garden surrouinding the other two sides. There is a wooden head jerkin on its top, which is covered with bricks. The structure is considered to have been built during the first half of the 20th century; it is waiting to be opened as a museum building after the restorations.
AKSEHIR HOUSES
Having preserved the civil architecture samples of the Anatolian geography from past till today, Aksehir Houses are important. The unique structure of the city reveals a speacial formation of the social phenomena within history, the cultural products, natural environmental possibilities’ being taken into the values, the communications among people, and the building, streets and squares. The gardens and courtyards formed side by side, back to back, or one every the other determine the structure of the streets consisting of houses in rows. These courtyards combine the nature with the urban life. The special side features of the houses, their platformed entrances, unique doors and bay windows add specialities and variety to the identity of the streets and the city. In most of the houses on Değirmen Street, from Orta Hamam to the Gavur Hamam, there are shops at the bottom storeys. In the past, the women of these Non-Muslim homes made embroidery and sold these.
General Features:
The houses are generally two-storeyed. Especially at places where a storey is obtained from the slope, the bottom of the ground floor is the garden floor. The base and the ceilings of the houses are wooden; their kitchens and larders are covered by roofs or with bricks. There are small windows to see who is at the door. These houses are in the site area today. Even if the storey numbers change, their planning doesn’t change. Areas for common are present within home life. Especially the rooms in gound floors were sometimes used as sitting rooms, and sometimes as kitchens. Yet; in the authentic tradition, the kitchen is a seperate room. The bathrooms of the houses are usually formed in closets in the rooms, and there are bathing areas with simple elements ( Gusulhane). There were sash windows at first; one half of the sash was divided from the middle later on, and was changed into two wings.
Kurulum Tarihi : 08/01/2008 * 20:11
Son Güncelleme : 08/01/2008 * 20:11
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